April 4, 2021
Articles

Citizenship in Libya’s constitution

Nedra Cherif

Even more challenging for the drafters was to delimitate who is to be considered a Libyan. Citizenship remains a highly sensitive topic in Libya in view of its broad political and social implications.

Libya inherited a legacy of complex and constantly changing citizenship rules, combined with often arbitrary administrative implementation shaped by local rivalries and interests, which left thousands of people in legal limbo, including large fringes of Libya’s cultural and linguistic minorities.

In view of this background, in the aftermath of Libya’s 2011 uprising expectations were high that citizenship issues could be solved and more clearly defined in the country’s new constitution. This explains the heated constitutional debates that arose and the difficulties facing the drafters in reaching a consensual formula.

The compromise reached in the final draft was eventually to defer citizenship regulation to legislation (art. 10) – thus moving backwards from the previous draft, which provided a more specific definition of Libyan citizenship and rules for its attribution and removal – while also deciding to freeze citizenship attribution for the next ten years (art. 186).

Both articles could have significant consequences for different groups of actors, explaining their current opposition to the draft.

Women: Despite the CDA’s significant achievements in the field of women’s rights, no agreement could be reached on the right of women to transmit their nationality to their children.

This remains a touchy subject in Libyan public debate 70 and despite the hopes and pressure from women rights organisations to reach an improvement in this regard, the drafters found it more appropriate to defer the issue to the next parliament.

This constituted a move backward from the wording of the April 2016 draft, which stipulated more explicitly that “is Libyan anyone born from a Libyan mother (as regulated by the law)” (art. 12), but the drafters insisted that despite the lighter formulation the intent was still the same.

According to them, any future legislation preventing women from transmitting their citizenship to their children would run against the constitution since article 7 stipulates that “men and women are equal before the law.” 71

This is a clear example of how the drafters, while still convinced of their objective, had to compromise and find a less controversial wording to ensure that the final draft would gather the largest consensus.

Holders of dual citizenship: While the CDA achieved a breakthrough by allowing the possibility for Libyans to acquire a second citizenship without losing that of Libya,72 the prohibition of a person holding dual nationality from occupying several senior positions in the state institutions triggered heated debates between the drafters and continues to raise controversy on the Libyan scene.73

This issue remains sensitive as it directly relates to the ongoing political dynamics in Libya, and in particular to the declared presidential or government ambitions of a number of prominent bi-national figures, including Khalifa Haftar.

The staunchest opposition during the constitutional debates therefore mainly came from Haftar’s supporters and eastern federalists, who believed that the provision intentionally aimed to exclude specific personalities from the presidency and asked for its removal.

Other CDA members remained uncompromising on this point, deeming it unacceptable that elected representatives, and in particular the president of the republic, could have dual loyalties.74

The only concession made to rally the easterners was to reduce the period for presidential candidates to renounce their second nationality from five years to one. However, they persisted in their demand to have this provision removed, thus preventing any further agreement from being reached.

Cultural minorities: Libya’s cultural minorities are probably those who suffered the most from Qadhafi’s inconsistent nationality regulations, particularly his policy of forced Arabisation, which resulted in non-Arab minorities often being discriminated against and even those living in the border regions being pushed to move to neighbouring countries.75

During the 2011 uprising, the collapsing Qadhafi regime attempted to reverse these policies in order to regain support among the cultural communities, but it is alleged that Libyan citizenship was also granted to foreign mercenaries backing the regime forces during this period.76

This explains the later efforts by the transition authorities to revise what they regarded as fraudulent citizenship attributions, but which in turn negatively impacted large fringes of the cultural communities, leaving some of them in a situation worse than before.

The constitutional debates therefore took place against this complex background and were shaped by the tension between the cultural minorities’ demand to redress this historical injustice and unflinching determination to be recognised as part of the Libyan nation, and the drafters’ concern that liberalising the rules governing citizenship could weaken the Libyan social fabric.

The eventual way out for the drafters was to transfer the responsibility to settle such a sensitive issue to the next legislature, and also to the judiciary.

Indeed, in addition to freezing citizenship attribution and leaving the decision on citizenship regulation to the next parliament, the drafters also included a transitional provision requiring the creation of a judiciary committee established by the High Judicial Council tasked with reviewing the cases of citizenship attribution since 15 February 2011 (art. 186, para. 4).

These provisions, and in particular the last one, which seemingly aimed to address the issue of naturalisation of foreign fighters, however, failed to be accepted by the cultural components as temporary alternatives until a long-lasting political solution could be found.

The Tebus in particular, as the largest group that had benefited from regularisation since 2011, felt directly targeted by the revision measure, and considered the drafters’ decision to be a mere continuation of the Arab majority’s discriminatory policies against their community.

Although the wording was softened in the final draft in order to appease their concerns – an earlier version of the article stated that “all post-2011 naturalisations contrary to the [2010] citizenship law shall be repealed” – it was still deemed unacceptable by the Tebus, who consider the citizenship issue non-negotiable, and was one of the main causes of their boycott and of their current opposition to the final draft.

On their side, the Tuaregs, another group that has been affected by nationality issues, are more divided.

While some consider that some positive progress has been made in the constitution draft, which has been endorsed by one of the two Tuareg CDA members, Tuareg constituencies are somewhat mistrustful that these provisions would give an incentive to the state authorities to move actively in settling citizenship issues.

Notes

70 According to existing legislation (Law No. 24 of 2010 on Libyan Nationality), Libyan women can theoretically transfer their nationality to their children even if married to a non-Libyan. In practice, however, the implementing regulations include complex procedures and restrictions that render the legal provision ineffective and perpetuate a discriminatory approach to women. For further details on this issue, see “Libyan Women Married to Foreign Nationals: Oppression and Stateless Children,” Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Monitor Report, January 2019 

https://euromedmonitor.org/ uploads/reports/libyanwomanENG.pdf 

71 See Altubuly, A., “Miswadat al-dostor al-’akhira wa tasa‘ulat al-shabab wa al-shabat” [The last constitution draft and young men and women’s questions], Together We Built It Organisation, 17 May 2017: https://togetherwebuildit.org/ar/ /

72 This possibility was tightly restricted under previous legislation and forbidden under the 1951 constitution.

73 The restriction included in the CDA’s final draft applies to members of both parliamentary chambers (art. 69; art. 76), government members (art. 113), members of the constitutional court (art. 138) and above all presidential candidates.

The latter shall “not have previously acquired any other nationality, unless they legally relinquished it a year before the date of opening candidatures” (art. 99).

74 CDA member H. Abu Hamra on the TV programme “Liqa’ khas” [Special encounter], Part 2, op. cit. As Abu Hamra noted, this restriction had also been “a recurrent demand of the people” during the encounters of the CDA members with Libyan citizens.

75 Van Waas, L., “The Stateless Tebu of Libya?,” Tilburg Law School Legal Studies, Research Paper Series No. 010/2013, p. 5.

76 Stocker, V., “Citizenship on hold: Undermined legal status and implications for Libya’s peace process,” European Institute of Peace, Policy Paper, July 2019, p. 9-10.

____________ 

Source: Libya’s constitution: between conflict and compromise

مقالات مشابهة

11 CommentsLeave a comment

  • Cyclin E is present at high levels or is abnormally stable in about 25 of breast tumors as compared to normal human breast cells 67 [url=https://fastpriligy.top/]priligy usa[/url]

  • Алкогольная зависимость — коварное заболевание, которое захватывает не только физическое здоровье, но и разрушает психику, лишает человека воли и заставляет его жить в плену у собственной зависимости. Запой — один из наиболее тяжелых периодов в жизни человека, столкнувшегося с алкоголизмом. Он характеризуется длительным и интенсивным употреблением спиртных напитков, приводящим к глубокой интоксикации организма, нарушению физиологических функций, психическим расстройствам, а также обострению сопутствующих заболеваний.
    Получить дополнительную информацию – [url=https://vyvod-iz-zapoya-16.ru/vivod-iz-zapoya-na-domu-v-krasnodare/]наркология вывод из запоя на дому в краснодаре[/url]

  • Мы предлагаем различные варианты вывода из запоя, как на дому, так и в стационаре, с учётом состояния пациента и объёма необходимых процедур. Стоимость лечения зависит от множества факторов, и мы стремимся обеспечить полную прозрачность цен и комфортные условия для всех наших пациентов.
    Детальнее – [url=https://vyvod-iz-zapoya-14.ru/vivod-iz-zapoya-v-stacionare-v-sankt-peterburge/]vyvod iz zapoya v stacionare anonimno sankt-peterburg[/url]

  • Each pair is handmade from carefully selected high-grade,
    exceptionally strong leather. In fact, the brand stories that each heel and outsole require 2-3 hours of exact handwork to fabricate.
    “These are a sturdy weightlifting shoe with robust translation to vertical pressure,” says Otey.
    Weightlifting sneakers can value as little as $60 for a standard pair of low-top Converse or
    upward of $100, depending on the brand. Shoes with rubber soles and heels are the worst, and purchasing them
    for weightlifting is a waste of money.
    My only knock towards the TYR L-1 Lifter for powerlifting is that it can run a little sizzling for
    longer squat sessions as a end result of its heavier higher construction. Nevertheless, this shouldn’t be a huge deal for many athletes and you might
    simply have to be more strategic together with your sock
    choice. The third and final reason why I’ve been enjoying the
    Reebok Legacy Lifter 3 is their toe box maneuverability.
    I do want there was a little toe spring in them, however total, this should be a non-issue for most lifters.

    Much like the advantages above, the drawbacks of cross-training shoes will be contextual based on how you intend to make use of them in your training.

    Different profiles, including some listed in this roundup, might
    characteristic a shorter heel, but this isn’t necessarily a
    nasty factor. This just means your stance shall be more reliant on your general energy and kind to
    maneuver the load, somewhat than your equipment. Plus, decrease heel-to-toe drops could be wonderful for athletes wanting that utterly grounded really
    feel throughout their footprint typically extra desirable in pulling workout
    routines like deadlifts and rows. If you’re a fan of Olympic lifts just like the
    snatch or clear and jerk, I advocate these recent lifting footwear from Reebok.
    The Legacy Lifter IIIs showcase a more aggressive heel-to-toe drop than different silhouettes in this roundup, meaning
    they can be better for ankle flexion and intra-lift mobility.
    In tossing snatches and getting into my catch part,
    these were the weightlifting footwear that helped
    me obtain that optimum depth and stability.

    Plus, the heavy rubber outsole is fast to generate traction as
    you progress via your steps with none sliding or compromise.

    This makes them a good possibility for model new lifters who could not want to spend a lot of money till they turn into extra advanced.
    The toe field space is made of suede, which gives it more flexibility to contour across the foot.
    I also like that these weightlifting footwear don’t have such a inflexible and hard-toe box as other weightlifting footwear,
    which I know some folks don’t like.
    The ultimate two features to like in regards to the TYR L-1 Lifter are its midfoot safety and heel development.
    This shoe features twin midfoot straps that give you a
    pleasant locked-down feeling and the TPU heel is lots
    stable for even the heaviest squats. Hold in thoughts these footwear are designed for Olympic lifting;
    they do not appear to be meant to be worn for dynamic
    coaching or movements similar to field jumps, leaping rope or burpees.

    I additionally like the rubber outsole and the extent of tread you get with the Adidas Powerlift 5 on rubber gym floors, wooden platforms, and machines.
    There’s a lot to like concerning the Power G 380, particularly for lifter who loves a more versatile
    toe box. I discover that this mannequin works great for practical health as a end result of blend of features that other heavier models just don’t deliver on. If you want additional help choosing the perfect pair of sneakers for squatting in your needs, drop a
    comment below or attain out to me personally via Instagram (@jake_boly or @that_fit_friend).
    The Converse Chuck Taylor All-Star is taking my high pick for the
    most effective finances squat footwear and sneakers for squats.
    When it comes to a tried and true budget-friendly shoe for heavy lifting, it’s robust to fault the
    Converse Chuck Taylor All-Star’s efficiency.
    The Nike Metcon 9, the latest model from the Metcon line, takes
    the spot as the most effective total weightlifting shoe for its consideration to element and functionality for heavy lifts.
    An improve from the Metcon eight, the Metcon 9 has an improved and enlarged Hyperlift plate that helps to
    displace weight down and outward throughout lifts for firmer grounding.

    It’s additionally built with upgraded technology known as EasyOn—a versatile heel that collapses and snaps again for hands-free slip on and off.
    The durable Nike Romaleo 4 is another splurge-worthy shoe if efficiency is
    top-of-mind for you. It has attained fan-favorite
    standing amongst dedicated lifters for its wide selection of motion and exceedingly secure base.
    I really feel extremely steady, like I’m stepping on a platform,” one Nike reviewer wrote. Nevertheless, like other stiff, lifted choices in our roundup, it isn’t one of the best shoe for CrossFit or cardio exercises.
    Generally toe bins on weightlifting shoes could be stiff and uncomfortable throughout workout routines the place your toes require flexing. I appreciated that I was able to make use of this shoe throughout my entire routine without hesitation. Squatting felt comfortable and extra natural with a bit of a heel, and my ft felt safe, thanks to the rubber soles. If you are simply getting your feet moist in weightlifting, the Adidas Powerlift 5 footwear are an excellent place to begin. Second, does the shoe present a nice secure base with adequate midfoot support?
    The Nike Savaleos have a heel appropriate for Olympic weightlifting but with more flexibility across the entire sole for dynamic movements, corresponding to plyometrics and jumps. The Nike Savaleos were designed for CrossFit-type workouts, where there may be a combination of Olympic weightlifting, powerlifting, jumping actions, and different dynamic workouts. The Romaleos four are a number of the greatest sneakers for weightlifting that come at a premium price. They are manufactured by Nike, which is known for creating exceptional merchandise.
    The single-sole building and double metatarsal straps maintain your ft stable whereas providing enough help in your ankles without limiting your range of motion. The ladies’s version of the Legacy Lifter III has an equivalent design to the men’s model. The larger heel top, slimmer design, and adjustable velcro strap over the midfoot guarantee a snug fit that retains your ft stable with out restricting motion. The heel is designed with a TPU plastic that gives a strong basis throughout heavy lifts and might withstand lots of wear and tear on the platform. There’s also a versatile higher and a grippy outsole that helps you plant firmly in place. Possibly you’re extra concerned with Olympic weight training and want a silhouette that’s stable enough for these gold medal performances.
    Usually, weightlifting sneakers are firm and have either flat or wedge-shaped soles. They often have a sturdy, high-traction base to assist forestall unwanted movement. Whereas going barefoot isn’t encouraged for safety and sanitary causes (especially in a public gym), Judd recommends these Vivobarefoot Primus Lite Knit sneakers if you’re looking for a barely-there really feel. It is a zero-drop fashion like the opposite Vivobarefoot on our list, however it additionally has a thinner sole to offer your ft a better really feel to the ground. Plus, its extensive design and adaptability helps toes splay and transfer naturally in the shoe.
    Simply as you wouldn’t wear jeans to an indoor cycling class, lacing up trainers to weightlift will not end in optimal performance. Shoes are designed to suit your athletic wants, especially in case you are carrying a load. Asics used to take custom orders on these footwear, but that service seems to have been discontinued.
    If you’re new to weightlifting footwear, these footwear are designed to promote your performance for squats and weightlifting (snatch and clean & jerk), and they are often helpful for quad-focused exercises. This shoe’s TPU heel does an excellent job of providing stability for heavy units and if you’re new to weightlifting shoes or a beginner, I think you’ll be plenty fantastic with this model’s overall stability. The Reebok Lifter PR three has a worth level of $110 USD and is easily top-of-the-line entry-level weightlifting shoes. This model delivers lots of key development features that virtually all will need for squatting for a good price. I just like the TYR L-1 Lifter for powerlifting as a end result of its “anchor-like” feeling and its wider toe box. This shoe feels steady and safe when you’re squatting in them and the outsole does an excellent job of laying flat and gripping the ground for various squat types. Barefoot lifting, carrying cross-training shoes, and utilizing weightlifting footwear all have their applicable times and places.
    Dr. Ung factors out that the majority trainers have larger arches, thicker soles, and rocker-shaped bottoms. While these features are nice for energy return and producing forward momentum, they won’t allow you to in case your aim is to feel steady and grounded. So, as much as we love an excellent operating shoe, it’s better to have a devoted fitness center shoe in your workouts (and lace up your runners if you hop on the treadmill). The rubber outsole offers optimal traction to promote stability and assist, and the elevated heel might help you get into a good position for squats. If you have narrow ft, you may want to think about the Adidas Adipower Weightlifting three as a end result of it presents a cosy fit that may assist prevent your heels from sliding round. Like the Adidas Powerlift 5, this shoe includes a strap throughout the highest to help secure your foot.
    The downside to this shoe is that there are few half sizes, so I needed to get the following full dimension up, which was barely huge for me. I would measurement down next time, however it might be beneficial if Vivobarefoot included more half sizes. Many years ago when I bought my first pair of lifting sneakers, I selected an older version of Adidas Powerlift footwear. At the time, the pair I had was stiff and heavy, and the fabric didn’t seem to be the best.
    After I purchased my Romaleos, I went with the boys’s 6.5, which corresponds to a ladies’s 8, same as my street footwear. Most weightlifting footwear carry out equally well, and only differ of their fit. You don’t want to overthink the question of which shoe is “greatest” based on other folks; just strive on a few and choose the one that fits your ft. The shoes should match snugly, without pinching whenever you stroll around or when you get into a lunge (or cut up jerk) position.
    The shoe features open-mesh inserts that allow air circulate, while the base—a midsole wedge included—enhances your lifts by providing a stable, stable floor, even whereas managing heavier lifts. A lace closure is secured in place by a hook-and-loop strap that you could adjust as you need. Plus, a high-grip rubber outsole will maintain your toes steady during squats and lifts on most surfaces. Like a reliable weight bench, a well-fitted pair of weightlifting shoes are essential to propel your lifts. For that reason, we’ve evaluated footwear, evaluations and professional recommendations to deliver you the most effective weightlifting footwear that support the added load. We spoke to non-public trainers and foot well being specialists to get more info on how to decide the pair that’s best for you.
    ➡️ Dorsiflexion is flexion at the ankle, so we allow these knees to generally monitor further over the toes while maintaining extra upright torso positioning. This could be helpful to show your feet and ankles by way of completely different ranges of motion and to focus on blindspots that you may not be training when in-season and in prep. In this Nike Romaleos 3 evaluate, I’ll discuss some key details you should learn about this shoe before investing, in addition to insights into what you can anticipate from its construction. Like the lads’s model of this shoe, the Legacy Lifter II does run slim, so you may doubtless need to order a half size up. If you have further questions about the Reebok Legacy Lifter III, drop a comment beneath or reach out to me personally through Instagram (@jake_boly or @that_fit_friend). To be trustworthy, I even have a love/hate relationship with the Reebok Legacy Lifter III.
    The consultants shared their favourite weightlifting sneakers and what to search for when buying. In addition to its lace-up design, the L-1 Lifter boasts two adjustable double straps in the midfoot space and a flat, broad sole for added foot stability when doing heavy squats and lifts. Plus, its toe box permits for simply enough roominess to let your toes unfold out evenly. So, when you’re interested in upping your weightlifting or strength coaching shoe recreation, you got here to the proper place. Right Here are 12 of one of the best weightlifting footwear and strength trainers of 2023, in accordance with trainers.
    Plus, as a outcome of it’s made with Nike’s React foam, the shoe is springy sufficient to be used for high intensity interval training (HIIT) cardio bursts. We use “men’s” and “women’s” on this article to align with how merchandise are bought on retail sites, but that doesn’t mean you have to stick to a minimum of one or the other. Choose the product with the match, type, and features that work finest for you. Nonetheless, should you regularly lift weights, you might have to add another pair to your wardrobe. The right shoe will assist you to generate as much pressure via the ground as attainable so as to decide up heavy weights. The Fuse 2.zero retails at a lower cost point than different comparable models, however keep a stage of integrity when it comes to development and durability that goes far above the budget-friendly price ticket.
    In fact, they are often particularly helpful for these just beginning out with weightlifting and nonetheless working on their form and method. The twin strap system provides a stable hug on the foot for optimum stability, too. This shoe has slightly more aggressive arch help than some other weightlifting sneakers on this listing, so it works properly for those who need slightly extra lift under the midsole. Another newer examine equally discovered that in comparison with extra common athletic sneakers, weightlifting shoes reduced ankle motion and helped lifters keep an upright torso throughout squats. Some weightlifting shoes have raised heels, that are higher for squats and Olympic lifting, while other shoes are flat and work better for many different forms of weightlifting. Some weightlifting footwear have a raised heel as a outcome of it helps along with your ankles’ range of motion when moving into certain positions such as squats, overhead squats and snatches.
    This midsole offers a responsive, cushioned experience whereas operating and leaping and a supportive base while lifting. Compared to the blockier heels on some trainers, I particularly like these sneakers for working outside and on the AssaultRunner Elite. The Adipower three footwear are excellent for squats and good for Olympic weightlifting. Oly lifters might prefer extra safety, however with the grippiest outsole within the sport, there are advantages for dynamic movements.
    Weightlifting footwear additionally typically feature the next high with extra straps or ties to help support the ankle. Be prepared to potentially have some sizing points with these Do-Win profiles, although. Some advocate ordering a half size down, while others declare these weightlifting clogs run true to dimension. In my experience, the latter proved true, but I perceive that fits can differ significantly from one foot to the other. The Romaleos 4s do characteristic a compact toe box that’s comfortable yet not overly constrictive. With that mentioned, the silhouette does come to a degree at the toe flap rather aggressively, which may result in some excessive strain if the footwear are worn for lengthier durations.

    References:

    https://www.allclanbattles.com/groups/the-intermediate-bulking-cycle/
    https://fancybox.qa/2025/03/05/top-7-testosterone-cycles-the-ultimate-stacking-guide/
    https://www.ekursu.com/index.php?qa=6988&qa_1=dive-into-anything
    https://mixclassified.com/user/profile/780981
    https://zshare.pro/forums/users/debralair887/edit/?updated=true/users/debralair887/
    https://freeworld.global/community/profile/justin51762733/
    https://1234567890poiuytrewqasdfghjklmnbvcxz.com/groups/best-steroids-for-bulking-cutting-and-strength/
    https://luxuriousrentz.com/how-long-does-it-take-for-testosterone-injections-to-work/
    https://www.nobetexas.org/forums/topic/list-of-major-anabolic-steroids/
    https://utahsyardsale.com/author/lisaolden96/
    https://bersamazm.com/sleep-and-muscle-recovery-exploring-the-endocrinological-and-molecular-basis-of-a-promising-hypothesis/
    https://shortjobcompany.com/index.php?page=user&action=pub_profile&id=180371
    https://parikshagk.in/forum/index.php?qa=182081&qa_1=timeline-experiencing-testosterone-cypionate-injection
    https://www.escortskart.com/user/profile/DevonRawls
    https://www.smfsimple.com/ultimateportaldemo/index.php?action=profile;u=865506
    https://betterbodyfitness.shop/the-first-steroid-cycle-the-ultimate-guide/

Leave a Reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *